The American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Gre

The American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald In a majority of literature written in the 20th century, the theme of the ' American Dream" has been a prevalent theme. This dream affects the plot and characters of many novels, and in some books, the intent of the author is to illustrate the reality of the American Dream. However, there is no one definition of the American Dream. Is it the right to pursue your hearts wish, to have freedom to do whatever makes one happy? Or is it the materialistic dream prevalent in the 50's, and portrayed in such movies as Little Shop of Horrors? Or is the American Dream a thought so intangible, it changes in the heart of every person and can never be truly defined? Or is it an 'American' Dream at all, is it simply a human drive to pursue a better life? In the book, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the writers portray two completely different literary works which have an amazing connection. Both works are written to illustrate two viewpoints on the American Dream; either the pursuit of happiness, or the pursuit of material wealth. In both literary works, the authors show a comparison between these two visions of the American Dream, and in the end, the authors message is the same; the American dream cannot be a materialistic goal. Or, should not. For many Americans, the American Dream is a 2-door garage in a suburb, but as illustrated in the literary works, this sort of an American Dream leads to unhappiness, depression, and in the case of Willy Loman, suicide. In The Great Gatsby, it is Daisy who has a materialistic dream. She loved Gatsby. When he was a soldier, she loved him, but Gatsby knew he could never marry her, because of class. So, Daisy married Tom Buchanan, a wealthy man, a good looking man, but Daisy did not love him. In the book, Daisy is miserable. She knows Tom is having an affair, and she often cries. She wishes for her daughter to be " a beautiful little fool"( Gatsby 21) so that her daughter will not be smart enough to be unhappy. Daisy loves Gatsby, but she loves her lifestyle. And when she had the decision between the two, she chose her lifestyle, and she will regret her decision time and again. The concept of the American... ...attered, enough so that he could see who his father truly was. Biff had to reevaluate his life, and he came to a realization; " To devote your life to keeping stock, or making phone calls, or selling or buying. To suffer fifty weeks a year for the sake of a two week vacation, when all you want is to be outdoors"( Death 139). Biff came to the conclusion that humans were not meant to work in pursuit of this economic goal, but were meant to work outside. His father could never accept that, and if Willy had, the story would have had a much different ending. The American Dream has no singular definition, but a multitude of interpretations. Yet, in these two completely different literary works, the authors share the same message; the American Dream should not be a materialistic goal, but a goal in pursuit of true, spiritual happiness. This is shown in both Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Both authors feel very strongly about the issue, as do many other authors writing today, who fear American Economic views could doom the human race to a meaningless existence. With an ending not too dissimilar from Brave New World.

How Is Love Presented in Romeo and Juliet and Two Poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage

How is Love presented in Romeo and Juliet and two poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage Love is presented in a variety of different ways in Romeo and Juliet and my chosen poems from the Literary Heritage: Stop All the Clocks and Sonnet 130. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is attempting to challenge the tradition of courtly love that was prominent in the Elizabethan era. He is suggesting that the tradition of courtly love is artificial and essentially false. Courtly love was a hidden love between the nobility in medieval times.In Sonnet 130 Shakespeare has a different goal; he is attempting to challenge the traditional Petrarchan sonnet that was popular at the time. These sonnets were grand declarations of love but also seemed rather overblown and unnecessarily dramatic. W. H. Auden’s poem Stop All the Clocks is dramatic and very emotional, however this is justified in this instance as his lover has died. This would undoubtedly be an exceedingly traumatic e xperience. In Act 1 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet love is presented as being like a poison that can infect a person.Shakespeare uses a metaphor in a very interesting manner in this scene to show this. For instance, when Montague is describing how his son Romeo is acting due to Romeo’s unreturned love for Rosaline he states, â€Å"As is the bud bit with an envious worm, Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air, Or dedicate his beauty to the same. † He is suggesting that Romeo is like a flower â€Å"bud† that won’t open itself up to the world because it’s been poisoned from within by parasites. Just like the flower has been poisoned by parasites, Romeo has been poisoned by love.Romeo only goes out at night and shuts himself away in a darkened room during the day. This metaphor helps the audience to see that love can be a dangerous force that causes people to act in unusual ways. Shakespeare uses this dramatic metaphor to show the intensity with wh ich Romeo seems to love Rosaline, however he does this to raise questions about how real Romeo’s love is for Juliet when he meets her later in the play. Shakespeare is depicting the lovesickness stage of courtly love and challenging how real it is by his use of this over the top metaphor.Additionally, in Act 1 Scene 1, love is presented as a complicated and contradictory thing. Shakespeare uses oxymorons effectively to show this idea. For example, when Romeo is describing the love he feels for Rosaline to his cousin Benvolio he states, â€Å"O brawling love, O loving hate†, amongst a series of other oxymorons. Shakespeare here uses oxymorons to show that the love Romoe feels for Rosaline is something that gives him great joy but also great pain at the same time. He is in love with Rosaline and that is wonderful but he hates the fact that she will not return his love.This allows the audience an insight into the intensity with which it appears Romeo loves Rosaline. This reinforces Shakespeares goal of setting up a situation in which the audience will doubt Romeo’s love for Juliet later in the play. In Act 1 Scene 5 love is presented in an over the top and overly dramatic way. Shakespeare uses hyperbole extremely well here to show this. In this scene Romeo and his friends have crashed Capulet’s party and he catches his first glimpse of Juliet. When he does so he states that she â€Å"doth teach the torches to burn bright! This is hyperbole because obviously Juliet cannot literally teach the torches to burn bright. The hyperbole is used to show that Romeo thinks that Juliet’s beauty overshadows everyone and everything in the room. The audience is supposed to once again feel the intensity with which Romeo can love, however the audience is left with doubts about how real this love is because just a few scenes earlier he was in the depths of despair over Rosaline. Shakespeare uses Romeo’s hyperbole and Romeo’s quick s witch from Rosaline to Juliet to question how real courtly love is.Furthermore, this over the top dramatic presentation of love continues through Romeo’s description of Juliet’s beauty. Shakespeare switches to using a simile to continue this trend. For example, he continues his description of Juliet by saying â€Å"It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night, Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear. † Again, this shows that Romeo feels that Juliet beauty stands out from the crowd just like an shiny earring would stand out in an African person’s ear. This encourages the audience to further doubt how real Romeo’s love for Juliet is as his language becomes more and more over the top.If Romeo can so quickly forget Rosaline is his love for Juliet genuine or just another infatuation? Shakespeare is attempting to drive his point home that courtly love is a false and unrealistic version of love through his depiction of Romeo’s descriptions of Ju liet. This over the top overly dramatic depiction of love is continued before Romeo and Juliet kiss for the first time. Shakespeare uses the sonnet form to show their conversation leading to their first kiss as this was the traditional form of exaggerated love poetry at the time. Within the sonnet he uses extended Christian metaphor to great effect.As Romeo is trying to flirt with Juliet he states â€Å"(taking  JULIET’s hand)  If I profane with my unworthiest hand, This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this. † Basically as he takes her hand he states that her hand is like a holy place that his sinful hand is not worthy to touch. He is using a religious metaphor to put Juliet up on a pedestal as a thing of purity. This further adds to the audiences doubt about how real Romeo’s love for Juliet is as they are left wondering has Romeo simply switched his attention to Juliet because she is returning his affection whereas Rosaline didn’t want to.Shakespeare is continuing to show the falseness and fickleness of courtly love through Romeo’s over the top language. The sonnet form is perfect to use here as it was a form often used to depict courtly love. Furthermore, the overly dramatic depiction of love continues through this sonnet. Again this is within the extended Christian metaphor of the sonnet. When Romeo is just about to kiss Juliet he says â€Å"O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do. They pray; grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. † Here his â€Å"prayer† is the kiss he is about to give to Juliet.The metaphor is once again intended to show the purity of Romeo’s love for Juliet as his kiss is not sinful but is more like a thing of purity: a prayer. At this stage, the audience should be completely doubtful of how real Romeo’s love for Juliet is as he continues to use overly cliched and over the top language to show his devotion to her in combination with the fact that he has completely forgotten about Rosaline. Shakespeare’s use of Christian metaphor is intended to further mock the courtly love tradition as he is saying that courtly love is false and not in fact pure at all.

Investigating The Interaction Of Reader Perspective And...

200PY - Research Practical Report Assignment Part 1: RP2 Research Practical 2: To investigate the interaction of reader perspective and relevance on item recall. Objective The aim of the study was to achieve replication of Pichert and Andersen’s (1977) study. Pitchert and Andersen’s conducted a study in which they asked participants to read a story and after participants were given different perspectives from which they could recall it, they were either homebuyer or the burglar perspective or none at all. 2 hypotheses were gatheredfor this study; the 1st was Burglar perspective participants will recall more burglar items than house buyer perspective participants will and the 2nd was House buyer perspective participants will recall†¦show more content†¦A distractor task (counting triangles) was undertaken after participants were asked to recall as much of the story as possible after which they were scored then the students were debriefed. 174 Students participated in the study. The study sample was randomly assigned to two independent groups. Results The results of this study showed that those participants that were recalling valuable items scored higher than the participants that were recalling household items. The test assumption indicated that Mauchly’s test was not violated X2 (0) = .000, p.05. This is because there are two covariances. A 2 (perspective: housebuyer/burglar) x 2 (perspective revelance: household items/burglar items) between subjects ANOVA was performed on the data. The main effect revealed that the recalled item scores differed significantly over the two perspectives, F(1, 175) = 128.83, p .001 From the data collected a significant difference can be seen in the group’s scores particularly in performance avoidance skills. But to make sure we have analysed this correctly a post hoc test was performed to find out exactly where the differences were. The homogeneity variance assumption was tested to see whether the variance of the scores are the same for the three groups, the significance is greater than 0.05. The significance was 0.70. The homogeneity variance was not violated it and the assumption has been proved. Because there is a significant difference between the groups, we

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Dormir

The conjugation of dormir, which usually means to sleep, is irregular in that the stem of -o- becomes -ue- when stressed and sometimes becomes -u- when unstressed. The only other verb that follows the same pattern is the rarely used adormir, which means to calm or to cause sleep. Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Dormir dormir (to sleep) Gerund of Dormir durmiendo (sleeping) Participle of Dormir dormido (slept) Present Indicative of Dormir yo duermo, tà º duermes, usted/à ©l/ella duerme, nosotros/as dormimos, vosotros/as dormà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas duermen (I sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, etc.) Preterite of Dormir yo dormà ­, tà º dormiste, usted/à ©l/ella durmià ³, nosotros/as dormimos, vosotros/as dormisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas durmieron (I slept, you slept, she slept, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Dormir yo dormà ­a, tà º dormà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella dormà ­a, nosotros/as dormà ­amos, vosotros/as dormà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas dormà ­an (I used to sleep, you used to sleep, he used to sleep, etc.) Future Indicative of Dormir yo dormirà ©, tà º dormirà ¡s, usted/à ©l/ella dormirà ¡, nosotros/as dormiremos, vosotros/as dormirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas dormirà ¡n (I will sleep, you will sleep, he will sleep, etc.) Conditional of Dormir yo dormirà ­a, tà º dormirà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella dormirà ­a, nosotros/as dormirà ­amos, vosotros/as dormirà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas dormirà ­an (I would sleep, you would sleep, she would sleep, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Dormir que yo duerma, que tà º duermas, que usted/à ©l/ella duerma, que nosotros/as durmamos, que vosotros/as durmà ¡is, que ustedes/ellos/ellas duerman (that I sleep, that you sleep, that she sleep, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Dormir que yo durmiera (durmiese), que tà º durmieras (durmieses), que usted/à ©l/ella durmiera (durmiese), que nosotros/as durmià ©ramos (durmià ©semos), que vosotros/as durmierais (durmieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas durmieran (durmiesen) (that I slept, that you slept, that he slept, etc.) Imperative of Dormir duerme (tà º), no duermas (tà º), duerma (usted), durmamos (nosotros/as), dormid (vosotros/as), no durmà ¡is (vosotros/as), duerman (ustedes) (sleep, dont sleep, sleep, lets sleep, etc.) Present Perfect Indicative of Dormir yo he dormido, tà º has dormido, usted/à ©l/ella ha dormido, nosotros/as hemos dormido, vosotros habà ©is dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas han dormido (I have played, you have played, she has played, etc.) Pluperfect (Past Perfect Indicative) of Dormir yo habà ­a dormido, tà º habà ­a dormido, usted/à ©l/ella habà ­a dormido, nosotros/as habà ­amos dormido, vosotros habà ­ais dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habà ­an dormido (that I had played, that you had played, that he had played, etc.) Future Perfect Indicative of Dormir yo habrà © dormido, tà º habrà ¡s dormido, usted/à ©l/ella habrà ¡ dormido, nosotros/as habremos dormido, vosotros habrà ©is dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrà ¡n dormido (I will have played, you will have played, she will have played, etc.) Present Perfect Subjunctive of Dormir yo haya dormido, tà º hayas dormido, usted/à ©l/ella haya dormido, nosotros/as hayamos dormido, vosotros hayà ¡is dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hayan dormido (that I have played, that you have played, that he has played, etc.) Past Perfect Subjunctive of Dormir yo hubiera/hubiese dormido, tà º hubieras/hubieses dormido, usted/à ©l/ella hubiera/hubieses dormido, nosotros/as hubià ©ramos/hubià ©semos dormido, vosotros hubierais/hubieseis dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hubieran/hubiesen dormido (that I had played, that you had played, that she had played, etc.) Conditional Perfect of Dormir yo habrà ­a dormido, tà º habrà ­as dormido, usted/à ©l/ella habrà ­a dormido, nosotros/as habrà ­amos dormido, vosotros habrà ­ais dormido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrà ­an dormido (I would have played, you would have played, he would have played, etc.) Progressive Tenses of Dormir The many progressive tenses use the appropriate form of estar followed by the gerund, durmiendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Dormir La pequeà ±a ha decidido que quiere dormir en la cama conmigo. (The little girl has decided she wants to sleep in the bed with me. Infinitive.) No sà © lo que pasà ³;  estaba durmiendo. (I dont know what happened;  I was sleeping. Gerund.) Los nià ±os de ahora duermen menos que los de hace veinte aà ±os. (Todays children sleep less than those of  20 years ago. Present indicative.) Se durmieron mientras tomaban el sol. (They fell asleep while sunbathing. Preterite.) Espero que duermas bien, mi amor, y que pienses en mà ­ tambià ©n. (I hope that you sleep well, my love, and that you think about me too. Present subjunctive.)  ¿Habrà © estado durmiendo mientras los otros sufrà ­an? (Will I have been sleeping while there others were suffering? Future perfect progressive.) Me recomendà ³ que no durmiera en el suelo. (She recommended that I dont sleep on the floor. Imperfect subjunctive.)  ¡Duà ©rmete ahorita! (Go to sleep right now! Imperative.)

The Utility Of War Is War Rare Or Is It Part Of Human...

Victor Davis Hanson addresses numerous questions concerning the concept of war and its multitude of effects in his article entitled, ‘The Utility of War’. By this extent, he discusses the positive and negative aspects, as well as the reason wars take place, and even how they often end. A common belief that Hanson has come to understand is that the occurrence of war is sporadic and that it is not in the norm of human nature. Contrary to this common belief, Hanson claims in his article that, History proves that war is more common and natural than peace. So with these two vastly different ideas, the question that remains is; Is war rare? Or is it part of human nature? Hanson’s overall opinion turns out to be that war is more common than society thought it was. To defend this, he goes on to give numerous examples of war throughout history. Though these are just a few of the wars Hanson discusses, and even fewer of the battles that have happened throughout time. He lists the Punic Wars (that lasted from 264-146 BC), First Bull Run, the battles of Plataea, the first and second battles of Coronea, Chaeronea, World War I, and World War II. Hanson even makes the observation that it would be difficult to find a time that America wasn’t fighting someone. With all the evidence piling up to defend his argument, Hanson goes on to say that a great number of regions all over the globe have been distressed in the last couple decades. Examples are India fighting three wars against PakistanShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Lingering Racial And Ethnic Discrimination1126 Words   |  5 Pagestime we set our minds to achieving dream of true equality. The ( ICGA): Islamic Center Great Austin, is a nonprofit organization, that aims at helping refugees meet their needs, and fit into the society which they encounter for the first time. 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Wireless communications Essay Example For Students

Wireless communications Essay INTRODUCTIONWireless communications are becoming increasingly popular in todays fast paced world. Mobility, portability, and instant access (via the Internet) to unlimited information have become the mantra of businesses and individuals alike. The evolution of wireless communications has been incredibly quick and the future of this technology is unlimited. The impact of this technology on our lives will be tremendous and allow us to do things we never imagined. What Is Wireless Communication?The two main wireless services in use today are cellular and private packet radio. The service that is chosen will depend on the application(s) that a company or individual wants to run. CellularCellular technology is commonplace in both the business and private sector. There are two types of cellular technology: 1) circuit-switched cellular, and 2) Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD). One of circuit-switched cellulars biggest advantages is its nationwide availability.Another advantage is the ability to send voice and data over the cellular phone network. Circuit-switched cellular is ideal if the application requires the exchange of long text messages, large files, or faxes because it typically charges by the minute of connect time, not by the number of bytes transferred. A practical application for this technology is the transfer of data from a laptop by means of a cellular modem and phone. The initial cost to outfit a laptop to connect to a cellular network is about $400. A disadvantage of this type of service is the long set-up time each connection requires (about 30 seconds). Cellular Digital Packet Data is best suited for transaction processing and database quer ies. This service offers fast call setup (about 5 seconds), and is inexpensive for short messages, such as sending e-mail. The main disadvantages of CDPD are the expense of large file transfers, and the limited availability of the service (currently it is available in about 40 cities nationwide). Private Packet RadioPrivate packet radio, though not as common as cellular, offers businesses widespread connectivity. The two major private packet radio providers in the U.S. are Ardis and RAM Mobile Data. These services can be connected to from virtually anywhere in the country. Private packet radio offers quick call setup and is well suited to communications that generate short, bursty messages, such as e-mail, database queries and point of sale applications. Since private package radio has been around for several years, there are many applications that use the network. Some of the commercial applications being used handle messaging, scheduling, electronic filing of expense reports, and even allow for insurance agents to process accident claim forms from a customers house or office (Salamone 96). The disadvantage with private packet radio, like CDPD, is that it is expensive for large file transfers. The fundamental problem that wireless communications faces is that none of the major wireless data services is ideal for all applications. The stumbling blocks to widespread adoption of data connections for laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) include the lack of compatibility between services, the cost of the services, and the size and price of wireless modems. History of Wireless CommunicationsRadio telephones have been used for decades, but have not been widely available due to limited system capacity. The breakthrough that addressed this capacity problem was the development of the cellular concept, which allows frequency reuse. Needless to say, the use of wireless communications has increased exponentially since that breakthrough. The evolution of wireless systems can be divided into several stages: 1) the preprevailing stage, 2) the first generation analog system, 3) the second generation digital system, and 4) the third generation system (to be discussed later). The promised services, the required technologies, and the developmental timetable are summarized in Table 1 (see appendix A). The Civil Rights Movement EssayTerminal MobilityTerminal mobility is associated with wireless access and requires that the user carry a terminal and be within the radio coverage area. The scope and applications of terminal mobility are rapidly expanding through advances in wireless access technologies and miniaturization of mobile terminals (Pandya 44). Digital Cordless Telecommunication Systems are intended to provide terminal mobility in residential, business, and public access applications where the users can originate and receive calls on their portable terminals as they change locations and move about at pedestrian speeds within the coverage area. This type of system would lend itself to an academic environment where students could access information from the library, professors could give lectures, and assignments could be turned in without an actual physical building, classroom, or office. The range of applications often associated with Personal Communication Systems is illu strated in Figure 3 of Appendix A.!A Current TrendPower paging is the current trend in wireless services and is paving the way for PCS. In actuality power paging is a bit of a misnomer, in that the terminal is more of a computing device than standard pagers. Motorola has made a bid for leadership in the two-way wireless market with the announcement of Memos, an ambitious, client/server-based messaging platform (Matzkin 31). Memos provides both a complete operating environment and an open development environment. This device will offer wireless Web access and a lot of messaging options, including e-mail, fax, and voice messaging. All of this while fitting into the palm of your hand. CONCLUSION The fusion of computers and communications into a unified entity may appear to be a subtle distinction from the computers and networks popular today.

Effects of Advertising free essay sample

Advertising has a major contribution to society and is readily apparent to anyone watching TV, listening to the radio, reading newspapers, or using the internet. Along with advertising comes both critics and advocates. The critics see advertising as a form of propaganda, by relaying the necessary message using trickery. Advertising is negative because of the manipulative effect it has consumers. Advertising creates unfulfilled desires and promotes greed within society. Consumers are told what they need through advertising. Advertising can convince consumers they need a product that would not have ever crossed their mind otherwise. â€Å"It can make us unsatisfied with who we are, greedy for what we don’t have, and oblivious to the miseries of millions who haven’t a fraction of the comforts we take for granted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Source D). Advertisements force society to crave more amenities than they already have and need. It makes them greedy for more and disregarding the less fortunate people along the way. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ads influence everyone, whether it be by the way consumers think or simply by the products they buy. Although few people admit to being greatly influenced by ads, surveys and sales figures show that a well-designed advertising campaign has dramatic effects. † (Source E). A well-run ad campaign can have a great affect on society convincing them to do and or think almost anything depicted through the ads. â€Å"Nowadays, marketing executives will use all available methods to convince us of the need to buy their company products. †(Source F). Whatever measures are needed in order to sell a product, are taken. Advertisements no longer promote the physical product itself, but how your life will change once you are in possession of that product. The ads today use techniques designed to â€Å"create unfulfilled desires and then they push us to buy the products that we do not need. † (Source F). Advertisements are becoming a detriment to society, bringing out bad qualities from within that would not have otherwise prevailed. Advertising subconsciously bombards the consumers, forcing them to conform to society. Society seems to be influenced by advertising in such a way that they themselves cannot help, but fall into their trap. â€Å"A logical conclusion is that advertising works below the level of conscious awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Source E). Advertising affects society in such a way that no matter who you are, you will want the product or feel the need to get the product. Society is made aware of every product on the market through advertising. â€Å"Advertising tells you what you need. † (Source D). Through watching, reading or hearing advertisements society will feel the desire to buy that product being advertised or feel that owning the product would make their life that much better. Consumers don’t have control of this feeling, as much as they might want to hate advertisements, they are still influential and change the consumers’ opinions. The success of cigarette advertising is a potent example of advertising’s enormous power and economic value. † (Source B). Even though it is proven that cigarettes are harmful towards the body, especially the lungs, so many people are still choosing to smoke and hurt their body. The consumers know it is wrong, but something inside tells them it is okay. This voice is the influence from advertising; they only show the pros of smoking, making it look harmless and enjoyable, instead of showing what the inside of the body would look like after a few years of smoking. Advertisements influence society in such ways that they have no control over their desires. Advertisements have a negative effect on society because they’re only goal is to promote the specified product. Just to sell their product, ads may bend the truth and give false information. Their only goal is to get as much profit as possible, so the validity of ads is never dependable. Advertisements are harmful due to their production of unfulfilled desires as well as subconsciously influencing consumers.