Saturday, October 26, 2019
A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: Importance of the Nighttime Forest
A Midsummer Night's Dream: The Importance of the Nighttime Forest     In Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night's Dream the dark forest is the center of the world, relegating Athens, center of the civilized Greek world, to the periphery. Day gives way to night, and mortal rulers leave the stage to be replaced by fairies. The special properties of night in a forest make it the perfect setting for the four lovers to set out on a project of self-discovery. Shakespeare implies that in darkness, reliance on senses other than eyesight leads to true seeing. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, the nighttime forest, by disrupting and transforming vision, forces introspection and improvisation that help the four lovers on their way to self-understanding. The darkness of the night setting seems particularly important in a play (and a culture) where the language of love relies so heavily on sight imagery. Fairy magic literalizes the connection between love and sight: appropriately, Oberon's love juice is applied to the eyes. In the language of the play, to look on or at someone is the most common metonymic expression for falling in love with a new person, or for spending time with the one you already love. Lysander steels himself and Hermia against the trial of separation with a call to "starve our sight / From lover's food till morrow deep midnight" (1.1, ll. 221-2). Vision and hunger together become the elements of Lysander's metaphor about lovers and separation; to see is to be with, and a lover's company is elevated in importance to the need for food and drink. But Hermia and Lysander are not going to see each other by the light of day. The scant light of midnight-midnight, when dawn and dusk are both equally far off-will provide a ll... ..." which connotes shallow feeling (Garber 10/13); the word "dote" is instead reserved for description of his former feelings about Hermia (4.1 ll. 163-73). His feelings for Hermia are the ones that have metaphorically been snuffed out by the dawn, "melted as the snow" before the sun (4.1 l. 163). What began in night as magic, as introspection and improvisation, has in daylight solidified into deep feeling. Although he speaks of Helena being "the object and pleasure" of his eye, the visual metaphor is accompanied by a proclamation of the faith and virtue of his heart's devotion (4.1 ll. 166-7). Introspection allows keener observation; new ways of looking enrich more ordinary types of sight. Night teaches the four lovers how to see more clearly during the day. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Wildlife Resources: A Global Account of Economic Use Essay
Earth Wildlife Extinction Introduction            Conservation of wildlife (wild living resources), is important for the development of any nation. The extinction of the wildlife has therefore become the agenda in American and other Nations in dealing with preservation of wildlife. For instance, all but a small handful of countries have national parks. However, the most challenges facing nations today is wildlife extinction. It is no longer about the government and other agencies deciding whether conservation is a good idea, but rather implementing those ideas for the benefit of people locally, regionally and internationally. The following part is an interview with Jean-Christophe, one of Deputy Director of Global wildlife protection Program me (IUCN’s), and who oversees many of diverse regional and global biodiversity. Interview Me: How do you see this ‘big’ issue of extinction of wildlife? Are they endangered or critically endangered? Is the issue getting worse? Moreover, is it under control or out of control? Jean-Christophe: Despite alarming situation of wildlife extinction globally every year, it appears that the situation is almost not under control. Following report from all groups we have monitored, there is continued decline of species fast towards extinction. What is making me more worried is that the extinction is moving rapidly into list of most endangered species. CK: I heard about your Red list rankings of the threatened Species category but did not understand how it works. Tell me how it works Jean-Christophe: Okay. Any of threatened species, are put under three categories; Vulnerable, Endangered and lastly Critically Endangered species. For instance, those found in a threatened category, it means that it went not just slow decline but through quite a serious decline. However, it less serious considered to Endangered or Critically Endangered species. On the Red List, species listed as endangered species are just like the â€Å"ice berg†but are of most conservation concern. CK: Can, and should all species be saved from extinction? If not, which ones ‘must’ be saved? Jean-Christophe: This is the discussion, many people would like to have in the conservation community; it is what we call triage. People think that some species are useful to people and should be saved; while others not. However, it is not so important trying to have consensus on that question than finding a proper solution to save species. Background information            Since the beginning of the man, there has been Endangered Wildlife .Four thousand of years, the wild plants, the animals and the ocean creatures have made every inch of earth as their home. With man being exceedingly populated, has dropped the number of wildlife drastically. In the same way, many of species have become. It is notable that animals, water living creatures, and wild plants are becoming rarer in these times. For the last centuries, the extinction was at a slower rate but today, the extinction has quickly risen. Taking United States as an example, in the last 200 years, it has lost many birds as compared to other areas of its comparable size (McGavin, p.23). Causes of wildlife extinction            According to Evers (p.4), to the question to wildlife extinction, Human beings are held responsible. Through human activities, many of the species have become extinct. The first activity, which is the major reason for extinction, is the interference of natural habitats through deforestation, creation of wetlands and draining of water marshes. In addition, it is evident that cities and towns are converting most grassland. The second major cause of extinction is commercial hunting and poaching. A poacher can be defined as the person who hunts and kills important species for profit. Often times, poachers hunt neither for legalized games nor for food.            Taking example from the current scope, Currently, Lake Malawi (Central Africa) holds over 500 cichlid fish species with 99 % of them endemic. Comparing with other regions, the lake is only one-seventh the size of great lakes in North America’s with just 173 species, less than 11% of which are endemic. In the last 20 years, Western Ecuador is said to have contained around 9,000 to 10,000 plant species, some 60 per cent of them endemic. In addition, given between 15 and 30 animal species, which present for each plant species in similar areas, it is evident that perhaps western Ecuador contained about 200,000 species around 1970.Since then, the western Ecuador forests have been destroyed to pave way for oil wells, banana plantations, and human settlements. Although is difficult to judge, the number of species in this region may have dropped with about 55,000 within the duration. Taking Pantanal in Brazil yet another example, which cont ains about 120,000 square kilometers of wetlands and classified as â€Å"international importance†by UNESCO, it greatly suffers increased earth extinction. This is from dam construction, agricultural expansion and other forms of disruptive development (Kotpal, 46). Major agencies            All the endangered species are found under the â€Å"Endangered Species Act (ESA).†The act, deals with responsibility of protection of the wildlife worldwide. One of well-known agency is â€Å"Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS).†The major function of the agency is primarily management of species found on land .Another well known agency is the â€Å"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).†The agency protects and manages all the marine species in our seas and oceans. However, there is confusion existing between the two agencies when it comes to protecting species that are found in land and sea. These agencies are also found in each of the Nation worldwide. For instance, In United States, there is â€Å"National Sea Turtle Coordination(NSTC) â€Å" which deals with protection of seven sea turtle species listed as threatened species under the ESA( Kaufman,22). Action plans to save wildlife            Currently, much is being done according to the conditions in each of the country to help save the endangered species. Considering the Zoos, found in almost all Nations, they help to governments as well as other agencies in protection and preservation of animals and environments. In addition, well remarkable action plan is reduction of deadly diseases and viruses in the wild animals .An example is the SD Zoo, which deals with Virology and Immunology deals with protection of wild animals from deadly viruses and diseases. in the world animal population .Another well known action plan was establishment of the Reproductive Physiology department in United States which deals with study of preservation, semen evaluation, embryo transfer and artificial insemination techniques .Lastly, is the Pathology department, working to determine the cause of many death in animals and action plan to prevent it (Roth,53) Red list            Any of threatened species, are put under three categories; Vulnerable, Endangered and lastly Critically Endangered species. For instance, those found in a threatened category, it means that it went not just slow decline but through quite a serious decline. However, the rate of decline of threatened species is less serious considered to Endangered or Critically Endangered species. On the Red List, species listed as endangered species are just like the â€Å"ice berg†but are of most conservation concern. Taking red-cockaded as example, it requires the wood that is around sixty – seventy years old to make it a home. In the top of the Red list, freshwater fish species are marked as extinct or being in a state of dangerous incline of about 25% .On the list are birds, which are threatened with extinction as well. Close to the list of animals facing dangerous extinction are bears, rhinos and tigers. The extinction has I most cases being associated with habitat loss. There are 25 most endangered species found on red line, unfortunately, some of these species are already completely .As mentioned earlier, birds are the most endangered species. The following are the most endangered species in Red line top list;waiian Monk Seal, Hawaiian Crow, Kakapo Brazilian ,Merganser Sumatran and Rhinoceros Vaquita Consequences of wildlife extinction            According to Adams (12), when any of elements is removed from a fragile ecosystem, it has long lasting and far reaching effects on biodiversity. Consider this; from the extinction of wolves, there is no check on numbers on other animals and these results to prey populations grew larger. For instance, when exploding elk populations in U.S wiped out so many riparian plants and willows, songbirds no longer had enough cover or food. This caused their extinction consequently increasing numbers of insects such as mosquito’s. On the other hand, loss of large iconic species such as like the tiger, wolf, and rhino may make more of stimulating news, more than the extinction of mussels and moths. It is more important to note that even small species, can significantly affect the ecosystems in different ways. Conclusion            There is high expectation to the protection of wildlife from the action plans, agencies, and the policies in place. For instance, Wildlife crime policies have set, globally objective to the sustainable of wildlife protection and conservation. It is working hard to the spirit of Vision 2030.This is through jeopardizing the wildlife tourism industry. One of the tools that have so far proved most effective is enforcement of wildlife management law. However, more important is not to losing insight to the ultimate point view of resource management in objective of law enforcement. References Adams, William. Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation. London: Earthscan, 2004. Internet resource Evers, David C. A Guide to Michigan’s Endangered Wildlife. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Kaufman, Les, and Kenneth Mallory. The Last Extinction. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1993. Print Kotpal, R L. Modern Text Book of Zoology Vertebrates: Animal Diversity-Ii. New Delhi: Global Media Publications, 2010. Internet resource. McGavin, George. Endangered: Wildlife on the Brink of Extinction. Buffalo, N.Y: Firefly Books, 2006. Print Roth, Harald H, and Günter Merz. Wildlife Resources: A Global Account of Economic Use. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1996. Print. Source document
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Why you should eat breakfast
Although this research Is for everyone, It'll help us to be better students as well! Preview Main Points: First I will tell you about the stress relief benefit, then I will tell you about the concentration benefit, last I will tell you about the memory benefit. BODY Transition: Let's bite down on this exciting topic shall we? Main Point 1: As students, we have very busy lives and it can become almost Impossible to Just relax bit. A. In 2009, Dry. Schools and Dry. Smith of the Wrigley Science Institute states that chewing gum can actually relieve stress.B. Stress can be caused by all kinds of forms. When we're caught lying; when we're bout to take a test; when we're worried or even sad. C. When we are stressed, our bodies become tense. A remedy for that would be to exercise. Well, the remedy to loosen our Jaw tension is to chew gum! Dry. Shall posts In 2002 Journal of Oral Rehabilitation that muscle contraction from chewing Is a form of exercise. Chewing stimulates vague nerve In the brain, which lowers heart rate and increases relaxation. D. In addition, Dry. Chou of peoples. Org published an experiment in April 2013 that gum relieves stress not only by producing blood flow and oxygen to the brain, but also by subconsciously shifting our attention to the act of chewing. Transition: Now that our Jaws are loosened up, let's loosen our ears to listen to the next benefit: concentration! Main Point 2: Concentrating on specific things can be difficult especially when we live in such a busy world! In our generation, we have so many things to distract us from our priorities such as school. A.An experiment posted in Nutritional Neuroscience, a Journal updated in 2013 shows that the act of chewing gum increases concentration! B. This chart shows the results for 3 types of experiments based on alertness, contentedness, and calmness. Out of a possible 25 correct answers, the test results were higher when the subjects hewed gum before taking the test as opposed to not chewi ng gum. C. Another test conducted by Dry. Allen et al of Nutritional Neuroscience Journal updated in 2011 and there were fewer long responses in several tests. Transition: Now let's concentrate on advancing our memory!Main Point 3: Memorization can be a tedious task but if we study and then chew gum before having to recall all that we've memorized, we'll be able to do it faster! A. Jennifer Welsh of Live Science cites the Journal Appetite in 2011 that the SST. Lawrence University Research Team conducted an experiment on 224 undergraduates and vided them into 3 groups. The first group chewed gum before and during the test. The second group chewed gum 5 minutes before the test. It. Results showed that chewing gum before the test improved a student's performance. Ii. Within 15-20 minutes, the 5 minute gum chewers recalled 25 to 50 percent more information. That's pretty significant! ‘v. The researchers believe that the improvement in brain power was due to the chewing warming up the brain, a phenomenon they suggestively call the â€Å"mastication-induced arousal†B. Scientific American's author Amy Kraft posted March 2013 about a test conducted n 40 people. Researchers had all 40 people listen to a 30-minute recording of a sequence of numbers. It. 20 people chewed gum while the rest did not. Iii.The results showed that the gum chewers had higher accuracy rates and faster reaction times. ‘v. This is due to more oxygen flow to the brain which is responsible for attention and with more attention means more room for memorization! CONCLUSION Review Topic: I have Just gone over the three wonderful reasons why you should start chewing gum on a regular everyday! Review Main Points: First, we learned the stress-relief benefit, then we learned the incarceration benefit, last we learned the memory benefit. Lasting Thought: We have pretty busy lives! Why You Should Eat Breakfast Topic: Why you should eat breakfast everyday General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the class why it is good to eat Thesis Statement: Eating breakfast can make each day so much better. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: How many of you have heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But still manage to walk out the house without eating breakfast. I bet you don’t forget your caffeine though, B. Reason to Listen: To understand why breakfast is so important. C.Thesis Statement: Eating breakfast can make each day so much better. D. Credibility Statement: Research E. Preview of Main Points: 1. First I will go into the benefits of breakfast 2. Second, I will explain why you should make a priority to eat breakfast everyday 3. Last, I will tell you fun facts. A. Benefits of eating breakfast a. . Skipping breakfast can actually backfire on you, and cause you to gain weight. Going without food increases the production of insulin in your body, which can cause your body to store more fat. . The longer you go without eating, the more glycogen your muscles use, and the less energy you have. c. Depending on age and gender, your body needs a minimum amount of nutritional elements, such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, calories and fat, to keep organs functioning properly. Eating breakfast gives you a jump-start on meeting your nutritional requirements for the day, and also gets you on the path to making more healthy choices. (LIVESTRONG) B. Priority d.Eating breakfast will allow you to focus better and do better in school e. Allow you to carry out your day with more energy. f. When you eat breakfast it allows your portions throughout the day. People who don’t eat breakfast tend to eat more during the day. (HEALTH. ORG) C. Fun Facts g. one in ten people skips breakfast, which can severely limit their ability to learn. h. Research shows that people who eat breakfast have healthier weights than children who skip breakfast and also perform better on memory tests. health 24. com) i. Breakfast is the meal that makes champions II. Conclusion F. Preview of Main Points: 4. First I will go into the benefits of breakfast 5. Second, I will explain why you should make a priority to eat breakfast everyday 6. Last, I will tell you fun facts You have overcome many trials and tribulations to get to this day and I couldn’t be any prouder. a. Everyone should just try and eat breakfast and see the major difference it makes in your day.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
The eNotes Blog e-Readers Celebration orSacrilege
e-Readers Celebration orSacrilege Some of the hottest gifts this past Christmas were e-readers: Kindles, Nooks, iPhones, and iPads. The industry expected sales of e-texts to soar and they were not disappointed. In fact, the Association of American Publishers reports that sales took a mighty jump, up an estimated 115.8% in the month of January, and generated some $69.9 million in revenue. No other segment of the publishing industry (paperback, trade paper, hardbacks or audiobooks) saw an increase in sales. In fact, sales took a hit in all other sectors. Mass market paperback sales fell by 30.9%, trade paper dropped by 19.7%, and hardbacks by 11.3%. So are traditional books doomed to go the way of quill and parchment? Perhaps. One day. But there is still a lot of love out there for the real book. A very unscientific poll I recently conducted included comments from defenders of traditional texts, some grudging acknowledgment of the plus sides of e-readers, and a few out-and-out converts to new media. Here is a sampling of some of those comments. From My Cold, Dead Hands! Pffft to the e-Readers: Maybe I dont want to read the new version of Alice in Wonderland. I would prefer to read a second edition in old type, weathered pagesa book that took decades to get into my hands. I got a big Shakespeare book from 1864 and it feels great to read. Who cares what the file date is on an electronic file? Give me a real book. After all candles, incense, hot bath, and an e-reader? No. I like my books still. I want to feel the paper. I want to hold the book. Its a sensory experience. If the book makes me cry, I want my teardrop to darken the page and smear the ink. If someone had the book before me, I want to see notes in the margins, the messages from mothers who gifted the books (before the giftee sold it to Half-Price Books). I, For One, Have Decided to Extend a Hand to Our Electronic Overlords: I have a KindleI use it for my junk food pleasure reads. Theres nothing like a book and I still have, buy, and read tons of them, but theres only so much space and so many bookshelves. The nice thing about the Kindle is the highlighting and notes featuresthe dictionary too, but its fun to reread a book and see what you said on a previous read (you can also save/print, etc., the notes). The free classics are a plus, but the versions are so so. Its also nice when you want instant gratificationlike junk foodyou want it NOW. :) I have a Kindle and I love it for the most part, but I still do read real books. Its really difficult to flip back and forth in the Kindle, which is my only complaint. For instance, Im reading The Joy Luck Club and I keep getting confused about the characters. Since Im reading a real book version, I can easily bookmark the page that lists the characters and also scan through the previous chapters to recall their individual stories. But since we are all book junkies here, the Kindle keeps the clutter down a bit. Ive Seen the Light! And Its the Soft, Sweet Glow of My e-Reader: I like being able to read a lot for very little dough. The savings √+. (The local news) did a story on my sons school and their e-books and the fact that all students are required to have laptops. The story was due to the fact that they had all classes from home during the icy weather. As for the e-books, the big advantage is that they come to life. They have links, animation, easy to navigate, easy to click on a word and it will take you to the glossary definition if it is a vocabulary word to be learned for the section and many other things e-books are quite a worthwhile technological advancement. I bought it to combat clutter crisis. Good to read long novels while standing on public transit. I read most of Wolf Hall on Toronto subways. Where do you stand? We would love to hear your own thoughts about e-readers. If youve bought one, do you like it? Why or why not? If you havent, do you plan to do so?
Monday, October 21, 2019
USS Illinois (BB-65) in World War II
USS Illinois (BB-65) in World War II USS Illinois (BB-65) was a battleship that was laid down during World War II (1939-1945) but never completed. First proposed as a ship of the massive Montana-class of battleship, Illinois was re-ordered in 1940 as the fifth vessel of the US Navys Iowa-class. As work commenced, the US Navy found that it had a more pressing need for aircraft carriers than battleships. This led to efforts to convert Illinois into a carrier. The resulting designs proved impractical and construction resumed on the battleship but at a slow speed. In early August 1945, with Illinois only 22% complete, the US Navy elected to cancel the ship. Some debate ensued regarding completing the hull for use in nuclear testing, but the cost proved prohibitive and the decision was made to break up what had been built. A New Design In early 1938, work commenced on a new battleship design at the request of US Navy General Board head Admiral Thomas C. Hart. At first conceived as a larger version of the earlier South Dakota-class, the new battleships were to mount twelve 16 guns or nine 18 guns. As the design was revised, the armament changed to nine 16 guns. In addition, the class anti-aircraft complement underwent several evolutions with the majority of its 1.1 weapons being replaced with 20 mm and 40 mm guns. Funding for the new ships came in May with the approval of the Naval Act of 1938. Designated the Iowa-class, construction of the lead ship, USS Iowa (BB-61), was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. Laid down in 1940, Iowa was to be the first of four battleships in the class. Fast Battleships Though hull numbers BB-65 and BB-66 were originally slated to be the first two ships of the new, larger Montana-class, the passage of the Two Ocean Navy Act in July 1940 saw them re-designated as two additional Iowa-class battleships named USS Illinois and USS Kentucky respectively. As fast battleships, their 33-knot speed would allow them to serve as escorts for the new Essex-class carriers that were joining the fleet. Unlike the preceding Iowa-class ships (Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin), Illinois and Kentucky were to employ all-welded construction which reduced weight while increasing hull strength. Some debate was also given as to whether to retain the heavy armor scheme initially intended for the Montana-class. Though this would have improved the vessels protection, it would also have greatly extended construction time. As a result, standard Iowa-class armor was ordered. One adjustment that was made in the design was to alter elements of the armor scheme to improve protection against torpedo attacks. USS Illinois (BB-65) - Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Philadelphia Naval ShipyardLaid Down: December 6, 1942Fate: Scrapped, September 1958 Specifications (Planned) Displacement: 45,000 tonsLength: 887.2 ft.Beam: 108 ft., 2 in.Draft: 28.9 ft.Speed: 33 knotsComplement: 2,788 Armament (Planned) Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in./50 cal Mark 7 guns20 Ãâ€" 5 in./38 cal Mark 12 guns80 Ãâ€" 40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns49 Ãâ€" 20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft cannons Construction The second ship to carry the name USS Illinois, the first being an Illinois-class battleship (BB-7) commissioned in 1901, BB-65 was laid down at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on January 15, 1945. The delay in the start of construction came as a result of the US Navy putting the battleship on hold following the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway. In the wake of these engagements, the need for additional aircraft carriers became apparent and these types of vessels took priority in American shipyards. As a result, naval architects began exploring plans for converting Illinois and Kentucky (under construction since 1942) into carriers. The finalized conversion plan would have produced two vessels similar in appearance to the Essex-class. In addition to their aircraft complement, they would have carried twelve 5 guns in four twin and four single mounts. Assessing these plans, it was soon determined that the converted battleships aircraft complement would be smaller than the Essex-class and that the construction process would take longer and cost more than was practical. Due to this, the decision was made to complete both vessels as battleships but very low priority was given to their construction. Work moved forward on Illinois in early 1945 and continued into the summer. With victory over Germany and the impending defeat of Japan, the US Navy ordered construction on the battleship to cease on August 11. Struck from the Naval Vessel Registry the next day, some thought was later given to using the vessels hulk as a target for nuclear testing. When the cost of completing the hull to permit this use was determined and concluded to be too high, the decision to break up the vessel on the ways was made. Scrapping of Illinois incomplete hull commenced in September 1958.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Perfect Custom Essays
Perfect Custom Essays Nowadays, paper writing for college students has proved to be rather a difficult task for most of them. Consequently, this has pushed them to seek essay writing services from various agencies that offer such services. Various factors have contributed to the students turning to custom essay writing companies for help. These factors include lack of adequate material to complete the assignments, others may be non-natives and the English language appears to be difficult to comprehend. Most college students prefer English essay writing from English native speaking individuals. This is because English is their second language, and they would want their work immaculately done. This may seem unethical to some, but it is quite helpful to many as these companies offer templates that assist students in composing their original work. Additionally, these companies offer various services such as thesis writing, research papers, dissertation chapters, course work and reports among others. Proofread ing and editing of previously done work are also services offered by these companies. Subsequently, such services help in avoiding common grammatical errors such as run-on sentences, punctuation mistakes, spelling mistakes, subject verb agreements and other common typos. It also helps in eliminating plagiarism by correct citations where work has been borrowed and paraphrased to represent originality. These companies accomplish all these by employing expert writers who offer excellent and professional English essay writing skills. Some of these professional writers are English language natives while others have English as their second language but still offer excellent services to the clients available.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Dim Forest Bright Chimps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Dim Forest Bright Chimps - Essay Example The paper "Dim Forest Bright Chimps" discusses the article of Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann. They feel puzzled by the fact that whether these differences are brought upon by genetic factors or climatic changes. The development of the skills of these monkeys seem to have deep implications for the understanding of early human behaviour. The two scientists, Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann, have studied a group of chimpanzees in their natural setting to make new discoveries about the theories of evolution. Their long term study conducted on a group of chimpanzees in the Tai National Park, in the Republic of the Ivory Coast sought to discover their primitive instincts in the sense of their food and hunting preferences. Since the chimps are primates and are at a very early stage of evolution compared to humans it is necessary that their behaviour be observed to draw conclusions about physical and biological anthropology of the humans. The topic also illustra tes the way female chimps train their youngsters to acquaint them with coordination skills required to make and utilise tools. All of this may lead to what Darwin was propounding many years ago that humans and chimps are in the same evolutionary line. The authors have referred to the works of Raymond Dart in 1953 who according to them proposed that group hunting and cooperation were key ingredients in the evolution of Homo sapiens. Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions. ... Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions and Wild dogs but the writers of this article are convinced that "that hunting cooperatively and sharing food played a central role in the drama that enabled early hominids, some 1.8 million years ago, to develop the social systems that are so typically human". 4. Did the author address any contrary evidence or the opinions/work of others that run counter the author(s) claims . According to the writers Jane Goddall observed that Gombe chimps boost their success by hunting independently but simultaneously, thereby disorganizing their prey. They have made a very different observation that Tal chimps owe their success to being organized themselves. Also they have referred to the idea that many anthropologists believe that the hunting and behavioural differences between desert and forest chimps are because of climatic changes making the dessert chimps evolve from another line than that of the forest chimps. This notion is not endorsed by the writer because he believes that these differences exist because forest hunting needed different methodology because of the very dense and dimly lit environment. 5. What were the strengths and/or weaknesses of the author(s) argument Whereas it is true that adaptability shapes behaviours of chimps, even those of humans the different genetic code of these chimps cannot be ignored. Even in humans genetics control behaviours and intelligence. So the fact that these monkeys have superior genes cannot be ignored at all. 6. What are your conclusions Do you agree or disagree with the author Why I agree with the authors because the behavioural difference between the two kinds of chimps can be
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